gnomancerHaplogroups, explained
Two small parts of your genome are inherited along a single line: the Y chromosome from father to son, and mitochondrial DNA from mother to child. Each carries a lineage label with a known geographic history. These pages give the short version for every lineage gnomancer reports, written for people who just got their result.
Y chromosome · paternal line
Haplogroup A
The deepest branches of the human Y tree, found mainly in Southern and Eastern Africa (Khoisan, Ethiopian and Sudanese…
Haplogroup B
An old African lineage, most common among Central African hunter-gatherer groups and in East…
Haplogroup C
Spread across Asia, Oceania and the Americas: C-M217 is common in Mongolia, Siberia and East Asia; C-M38 in New Guinea and Melanesia; C-M130 branches…
Haplogroup D
Found mainly in Japan (D-M55, including Ainu), Tibet and the Andaman…
Haplogroup E
The dominant African paternal lineage, with branches that also spread into the Near East and around the…
E-L795
A branch within E-M84 (FamilyTreeDNA naming), found in the Levant, Arabia and among Jewish…
E-M2
The lineage carried by the Bantu expansion: the majority Y lineage across West, Central and Southern Africa and in the African…
E-M215 / E-M35
Originated in East Africa and spread to North Africa, the Near East and Southern Europe; a major lineage in Ethiopia, Somalia, the Maghreb, Greece…
E-M78
Common from Egypt and Sudan through the Balkans and Southern Europe; E-V13 is a signature Balkan…
E-M81
The characteristic Berber lineage of the Maghreb, also present in…
E-M123 / E-M34
A Near-Eastern and East-Mediterranean branch: frequent in Ethiopia, the Levant, Anatolia and Arabia, a well-known component (around a tenth) of…
E-M84
The main sub-branch of E-M34 (YFull: E-M84). Frequent in Ethiopia and Eritrea, the Levant, Arabia and Anatolia; one of the characteristic lineages of…
Haplogroup G
Peaks in the Caucasus and Anatolia; carried by early Neolithic farmers into Europe (the Tyrolean Iceman was G2a), today scattered at low frequency…
Haplogroup H
Mostly South Asian; H1a1 is the main lineage of the Roma, reflecting their Indian…
Haplogroup I
A European lineage present since the Palaeolithic, with little presence outside…
I-M253
Concentrated in Scandinavia and Germanic-speaking regions; strongly associated with Norse and Anglo-Saxon…
I-M438
I2a1 peaks in the Balkans and Sardinia; I2a2 is found across Northwest Europe including Germany, Britain and…
Haplogroup J
Originated in the Near East and spread with Neolithic farming and later movements across the Mediterranean, Caucasus and South…
J-M267
Most frequent in Arabia, the Levant and the Caucasus (Dagestan); the J-P58 branch is associated with Semitic-speaking…
J-M172
Peaks in the Fertile Crescent, Anatolia, the Caucasus and Iran; common around the Mediterranean (Italy, Greece, Balkans) and in South…
Haplogroup L
Mainly South Asian, especially Pakistan and western India, with pockets in the Near…
Haplogroup N
Spread from Siberia westward with Uralic speakers; the main lineage in Finland, the Baltic states and northern…
Haplogroup O
The dominant lineage of East and Southeast Asia: O-M122 (Han Chinese and neighbours), O-M119 (coastal China, Taiwan, Austronesians), O-M95 (Southeast…
Haplogroup Q
Siberian in origin; Q-M3 is the principal Native American paternal lineage, and other branches are found in Siberia and Central…
Haplogroup R
A widespread Eurasian lineage whose main branches dominate Europe, Central Asia and South…
R-M420
Most common in Eastern Europe (Poland, Russia, Ukraine), Central Asia and northern India; associated with Bronze Age steppe…
R-M343
The most common paternal lineage in Western Europe (peaking in Ireland, Wales, the Basque Country); the R-V88 branch is found in Central…
R-M269
The main Western European branch, carried by Bronze Age migrations; R-U106 is typical of Germanic regions, R-P312 and R-L21 of Atlantic Europe,…
R-M479
Mainly South…
Haplogroup T
A scattered lineage with pockets in the Near East, East Africa (Somalia), Sardinia and parts of…
Mitochondrial DNA · maternal line
Haplogroup A
East Asian and Siberian, and one of the main Native American founder lineages…
Haplogroup B
East and Southeast Asian; B4 spread with Austronesians to Polynesia and B2 is a Native American founder…
Haplogroup C
Found across Siberia, Central Asia and East Asia, and a Native American founder lineage…
Haplogroup D
An East Asian and Siberian lineage; D1 and D4h3 are Native American founder…
Haplogroup F
Common in Southeast Asia and southern…
Haplogroup G
Mainly East Asian and Siberian, including Japan and…
Haplogroup H
The most common maternal lineage in Europe (around 40%), also frequent in the Near East and North Africa; it spread widely after the last Ice…
Haplogroup H1
The largest H branch and the most common maternal lineage in Western Europe; it peaks in Iberia and the Basque Country and is also found in North…
Haplogroup H13
Most frequent in the Caucasus and Near East, with a presence in…
Haplogroup H2
Found across Europe and the Caucasus; H2a is more frequent in Eastern…
Haplogroup H3
A Western European branch with a peak in Iberia and Western…
Haplogroup H5
Found across Europe with higher frequency in the Balkans and Central…
Haplogroup HV
The parent of H and V, found across Europe, the Near East and the…
Haplogroup I
A minor European and Near Eastern lineage at a few percent…
Haplogroup J
Spread from the Near East into Europe with Neolithic farmers; around a tenth of Europeans, higher in the Near…
Haplogroup J1
The main European J branch (J1c is the most common form in…
Haplogroup J2
Found around the Mediterranean and the Near…
Haplogroup K
A branch of U8 common across Europe and the Near East; three K sub-lineages account for about a third of Ashkenazi maternal…
Haplogroup L0
Among the oldest maternal lineages, concentrated in Southern Africa (Khoisan) and East…
Haplogroup L1
A deep African lineage found mainly in Central and West…
Haplogroup L2
Widespread across Sub-Saharan Africa and the most common maternal lineage among African…
Haplogroup L3
East African in origin and the ancestor of every non-African maternal lineage; also common across…
Haplogroup M
One of the two founding non-African lineages, now concentrated in South Asia, East Asia and among Native Americans (via branches C and…
Haplogroup N
The other founding non-African lineage; its branches cover Europe, the Near East, Asia and the…
Haplogroup N1
Includes N1b, common among Ashkenazi Jews, and N1a, carried by early Neolithic farmers into…
Haplogroup P
Found in Australia and New…
Haplogroup Q
Found in New Guinea and…
Haplogroup R
A large branch of N whose descendants include most European…
Haplogroup T
A Near Eastern and European lineage at about a tenth of the population in parts of Europe; associated with early farming and…
Haplogroup T2
The more common T branch in Europe, especially Northern and Central…
Haplogroup U
An old West Eurasian lineage with branches in Europe, the Near East, North Africa and South…
Haplogroup U5
The characteristic lineage of European hunter-gatherers; today most frequent in Finland and the…
Haplogroup U6
Mainly North African (Berber populations) and…
Haplogroup V
A sister of H found across Europe, with high frequency among the Saami, in Iberia and the Basque…
Haplogroup W
A minor lineage of Europe, the Near East and South…
Haplogroup X
A rare lineage in Europe and the Near East; the X2a branch is a Native American founder…
Haplogroup Z
Found in Siberia, Central Asia and among the…
Population statements are approximate summaries of published frequencies. Corrections welcome in the source table.